All about Water and Waste Water Treatment
Impurities in raw water To discuss the various unit operations configured in a water purification system we need to know impurities present in raw water. The nature, type, and concentration of various impurities should define the water purification system. Definition...
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Bacterial Endotoxin Specification Bacterial endotoxin specifications for USP Waters (bulk and packaged) are presented as follows: Drinking Water: none USP Purified Water: none USP Sterile Purified Water: none USP Water for Injection: <0.25 EU/mL USP Sterile Water for Injection: <0.25...
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Feed Water Parameters for Water for Injection: For systems producing Drinking Water, there is no defined feed water requirement (chemical or microbial) for the system. However, the product water must meet the chemical and microbial attributes for EPA’s NPDWR (or comparable regulations...
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Bacterial action and alert limits It is important to note that, with the exception of the reference to sterility for packaged waters, there are no bacteria specifications contained in the USP Official Monographs for pharmaceutical waters. Drinking Water has been...
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USP Sterile Purified Water USP Sterile Purified Water is USP Purified Water that is sterilized and suitably packaged. It contains no antimicrobial agents. The chemical specifications for USP Sterile Purified Water are defined in the Official Monograph and currently include...
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Chemical specifications for USP Purified Water are outlined in the Official Monograph by referencing Physical Tests chapters for conductivity and total organic carbon (TOC). Physical Tests Section provides the TOC specification, capability of the TOC analyser, system suitability requirements, and...
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Chemical specification of Drinking Water, for applications such as some initial rinsing operations and active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturing operations, must meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR), or comparable regulations of the European Union,...
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Water and steam used in the pharmaceutical industry and related disciplines are classified by various pharmacopeias. The U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) classifies compendial waters (Pharmaceutical Water) as follows: Water for Injection Bacteriostatic Water for Injection Sterile Water for Inhalation Sterile Water...
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A number of natural materials such as zeolites, which are complex sodium-aluminium silicates, have the ability to exchange ions in their structure for other ions with which they come into contact. Synthetic ion-exchange resins have been developed to provide higher...
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Chemical precipitation depends upon the use of an added reagent which combines with the impurity to be removed to give an insoluble product which can then be removed by sedimentation, preceded by flocculation if necessary. Impurity + reagent → precipitate...
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