Colloids in Water Colloids in water are substances that are larger than ionic material but smaller than particulate matter. In…

Organic Matter in Raw Water Organic matter in raw water can be classified into two categories: naturally occurring and pollutants.…

Bacterial Endotoxins Raw water always contains Bacteria and Bacterial endotoxins that exists in a dynamic state. Dynamic state means the…

Microorganisms Raw water is contaminated with numerous microorganisms. Microorganisms can include viable bacteria, nonviable bacteria, slime, algae, viruses, and cysts.…

Dissolved Gases Dissolved gases are considered to be impurities and these are of two types wiz Non-reactive gases and Reactive…

Ionic Material Ionic material is classified as any material that both dissolves in water and produces positive ions (cations) and…

Particulate matter Particulate matter is material which is non-soluble inorganic or organic impurities that may be exist in a water…

Impurities in raw water To discuss the various unit operations configured in a water purification system we need to know…

Bacterial Endotoxin Specification Bacterial endotoxin specifications for USP Waters (bulk and packaged) are presented as follows: Drinking Water: none USP…

Feed Water Parameters for Water for Injection: For systems producing Drinking Water, there is no defined feed water requirement (chemical or microbial)…