Microorganisms Raw water is contaminated with numerous microorganisms. Microorganisms can include viable bacteria, nonviable bacteria, slime, algae, viruses, and cysts. Measured bacterial levels in raw water supplies are significantly affected…
Dissolved Gases Dissolved gases are considered to be impurities and these are of two types wiz Non-reactive gases and Reactive gases. Non-reactive Gases: Nonreactive gases are dissolved gases, such as…
Ionic Material Ionic material is classified as any material that both dissolves in water and produces positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions). There are two important processes to consider:…
Particulate matter Particulate matter is material which is non-soluble inorganic or organic impurities that may be exist in a water supply. It can be considered as the residue present on a…
Impurities in raw water To discuss the various unit operations configured in a water purification system we need to know impurities present in raw water. The nature, type, and concentration…
Bacterial Endotoxin Specification Bacterial endotoxin specifications for USP Waters (bulk and packaged) are presented as follows: Drinking Water: none USP Purified Water: none USP Sterile Purified Water: none USP Water…
Feed Water Parameters for Water for Injection: For systems producing Drinking Water, there is no defined feed water requirement (chemical or microbial) for the system. However, the product water must meet the…
Bacterial action and alert limits It is important to note that, with the exception of the reference to sterility for packaged waters, there are no bacteria specifications contained in the…
USP Sterile Purified Water USP Sterile Purified Water is USP Purified Water that is sterilized and suitably packaged. It contains no antimicrobial agents. The chemical specifications for USP Sterile Purified…
Chemical specifications for USP Purified Water are outlined in the Official Monograph by referencing Physical Tests chapters for conductivity and total organic carbon (TOC). Physical Tests Section provides the TOC…