Bacterial action and alert limits for Ultra pure water
Bacterial action and alert limits It is important to note that, with the exception of the reference to sterility for packaged waters, there are no bacteria specifications contained in the…
Types of USP Water
USP Sterile Purified Water USP Sterile Purified Water is USP Purified Water that is sterilized and suitably packaged. It contains no antimicrobial agents. The chemical specifications for USP Sterile Purified…
Chemical Specifications of Purified Water
Chemical specifications for USP Purified Water are outlined in the Official Monograph by referencing Physical Tests chapters for conductivity and total organic carbon (TOC). Physical Tests Section provides the TOC…
Chemical Specifications of Drinking Water
Chemical specification of Drinking Water, for applications such as some initial rinsing operations and active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturing operations, must meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Primary Drinking…
Definition of Pharmaceutical Water
Water and steam used in the pharmaceutical industry and related disciplines are classified by various pharmacopeias. The U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) classifies compendial waters (Pharmaceutical Water) as follows: Water for Injection…
Ion Exchange Basic
A number of natural materials such as zeolites, which are complex sodium-aluminium silicates, have the ability to exchange ions in their structure for other ions with which they come into…
Chemical Precipitation
Chemical precipitation depends upon the use of an added reagent which combines with the impurity to be removed to give an insoluble product which can then be removed by sedimentation,…
Chemical Coagulation
Chemical coagulation The settlement of fine colloidal and suspended solids can be assisted by the use of flocculation as described in last post but with dilute suspensions, such as lowland…
Flocculation
With small suspended particles the calculated settling velocities become so small that sedimentation is clearly impracticable, and for most purposes sedimentation is not an appropriate treatment process for particles smaller…
Sedimentation
Solids suspended in a fluid will settle at a velocity dependent upon their size and density and the density and viscosity of the fluid. The process occurs naturally in the…