Activated sludge is a process in which organic matter of wastewater is digested/ oxidized using micro-organisms, enzymes in presence of oxygen or in absence of oxygen. The activated sludge or…

Hard water is the water that contains more than 60 mg/l Calcium, Magnesium and other metal ions. When water source contains limestone or chalk rock which largely made-up of calcium…

Ion exchange is a best technology to remove dissolved contaminant from water, like calcium and magnesium hardness, dissolved ions etc. Dissolved contaminants of water contains cations and anions. Dissolved substances…

Ion exchange is a technology to soften and demineralise water. This technology is well proven, and was developed initially in the 1900s. it is still the best to remove all…

Water pollution control is presently one of the major thrust areas of scientific research. While coloured organic compounds generally impart only a minor fraction of the organic load to wastewaters,…

It is vital to treat the water used in the manufacturing process to remove toxins, biohazards and any unwanted organic materials, while at the same time not incurring any residual…

The use of mechanical separation equipment is critical in many of the operations of the food and beverage production sector: partly to assure the required quality in a liquid product,…

In a semiconductor process, phosphorus, arsenic and stibium are n-type impurities in silicon or germanium, whose atoms can contribute negatively-charged electrons to the conduction band of the semiconductors. Boron and…

In textile process industries, dyeing and finishing processes are two important steps. These steps involve the dyeing of man-made or natural fibers to the desired permanent colours. Hence dyeing and…

The waste water generated by textile industries are considered most polluting among all industrial sectors because of volume discharged and effluent composition. During the last few years, new and/or tighter…