Water Treatment
Disinfection By-products In Water
Disinfection By-products In Water As indicated in previous post, organic and inorganic matter in source water will react with residual disinfecting agents to produce undesirable by-products. Chlorine reacts with heavy molecular NOM and bromide producing THMS and HAA5. THMs consist...
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Residual Disinfectant in Water
Residual Disinfectant in Water Residual disinfectant in water will be present in raw water supplies from a surface source or groundwater source influenced by a surface source. The U.S. EPA Ground Water Rule (GWR) (U.S. EPA, 2006a) requires community water...
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Colloids in Water
Colloids in Water Colloids in water are substances that are larger than ionic material but smaller than particulate matter. In general, colloids will exhibit a size of 0.01 to 0.1 µm or larger. On the basis of the ability of...
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Organic Matter in Raw Water
Organic Matter in Raw Water Organic matter in raw water can be classified into two categories: naturally occurring and pollutants. Naturally organic matter will be present in raw water from a surface water or groundwater source influenced by surface water,...
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Bacterial Endotoxins in Water
Bacterial Endotoxins Raw water always contains Bacteria and Bacterial endotoxins that exists in a dynamic state. Dynamic state means the bacterial count is always variable, depending on environmental conditions controlling the rate of growth, bacteria will continually proliferate, while other...
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Microorganisms in Water
Microorganisms Raw water is contaminated with numerous microorganisms. Microorganisms can include viable bacteria, nonviable bacteria, slime, algae, viruses, and cysts. Measured bacterial levels in raw water supplies are significantly affected by the enumeration culture media. A heterotrophic plate count, as...
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Dissolved Gases in Raw Water
Dissolved Gases Dissolved gases are considered to be impurities and these are of two types wiz Non-reactive gases and Reactive gases. Non-reactive Gases: Nonreactive gases are dissolved gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen, that do not react with water to...
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Ionic Material
Ionic Material Ionic material is classified as any material that both dissolves in water and produces positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions). There are two important processes to consider: solubility and ionization. Before a substance can produce ions, it...
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Particulate Matter
Particulate matter Particulate matter is material which is non-soluble inorganic or organic impurities that may be exist in a water supply. It can be considered as the residue present on a filter media after water is passed through the filter. These can...
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