a blog for wastewater and water operators, technicians and engineers, covers municipal and industrial treatment plants
What is Wastewater? Wastewater or waste-water is any water which is not good for human use. Wastewater is any used water for domestic, industrial, commercial or farming purposes. It means that, wastewater is a byproduct of domestic, industrial, commercial or...
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Disinfection By-products In Water As indicated in previous post, organic and inorganic matter in source water will react with residual disinfecting agents to produce undesirable by-products. Chlorine reacts with heavy molecular NOM and bromide producing THMS and HAA5. THMs consist...
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Residual Disinfectant in Water Residual disinfectant in water will be present in raw water supplies from a surface source or groundwater source influenced by a surface source. The U.S. EPA Ground Water Rule (GWR) (U.S. EPA, 2006a) requires community water...
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Colloids in Water Colloids in water are substances that are larger than ionic material but smaller than particulate matter. In general, colloids will exhibit a size of 0.01 to 0.1 µm or larger. On the basis of the ability of...
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Organic Matter in Raw Water Organic matter in raw water can be classified into two categories: naturally occurring and pollutants. Naturally organic matter will be present in raw water from a surface water or groundwater source influenced by surface water,...
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Bacterial Endotoxins Raw water always contains Bacteria and Bacterial endotoxins that exists in a dynamic state. Dynamic state means the bacterial count is always variable, depending on environmental conditions controlling the rate of growth, bacteria will continually proliferate, while other...
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Microorganisms Raw water is contaminated with numerous microorganisms. Microorganisms can include viable bacteria, nonviable bacteria, slime, algae, viruses, and cysts. Measured bacterial levels in raw water supplies are significantly affected by the enumeration culture media. A heterotrophic plate count, as...
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Dissolved Gases Dissolved gases are considered to be impurities and these are of two types wiz Non-reactive gases and Reactive gases. Non-reactive Gases: Nonreactive gases are dissolved gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen, that do not react with water to...
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Ionic Material Ionic material is classified as any material that both dissolves in water and produces positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions). There are two important processes to consider: solubility and ionization. Before a substance can produce ions, it...
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