Colloids in Water
Colloids in Water Colloids in water are substances that are larger than ionic material but smaller than particulate matter. In general, colloids will exhibit a size of 0.01 to 0.1…
Organic Matter in Raw Water
Organic Matter in Raw Water Organic matter in raw water can be classified into two categories: naturally occurring and pollutants. Naturally organic matter will be present in raw water from…
Bacterial Endotoxins in Water
Bacterial Endotoxins Raw water always contains Bacteria and Bacterial endotoxins that exists in a dynamic state. Dynamic state means the bacterial count is always variable, depending on environmental conditions controlling…
Microorganisms in Water
Microorganisms Raw water is contaminated with numerous microorganisms. Microorganisms can include viable bacteria, nonviable bacteria, slime, algae, viruses, and cysts. Measured bacterial levels in raw water supplies are significantly affected…
Dissolved Gases in Raw Water
Dissolved Gases Dissolved gases are considered to be impurities and these are of two types wiz Non-reactive gases and Reactive gases. Non-reactive Gases: Nonreactive gases are dissolved gases, such as…
Ionic Material
Ionic Material Ionic material is classified as any material that both dissolves in water and produces positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions). There are two important processes to consider:…
Particulate Matter
Particulate matter Particulate matter is material which is non-soluble inorganic or organic impurities that may be exist in a water supply. It can be considered as the residue present on a…
Impurities in water – Ultra Pure Water
Impurities in raw water To discuss the various unit operations configured in a water purification system we need to know impurities present in raw water. The nature, type, and concentration…
Bacterial Endotoxin Specification
Bacterial Endotoxin Specification Bacterial endotoxin specifications for USP Waters (bulk and packaged) are presented as follows: Drinking Water: none USP Purified Water: none USP Sterile Purified Water: none USP Water…
Water for Injection
Feed Water Parameters for Water for Injection: For systems producing Drinking Water, there is no defined feed water requirement (chemical or microbial) for the system. However, the product water must meet the…